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= = = = =yahooooooooooooooooooo= DEFINITION LISTS: For each chapter, there will be a list of vocabulary words. These are the lists from which the definition quizzes are based, so you need to know them in advance of the quiz on the chapter.

Definition Worksheet #1: Chapter 1 and Labs #1 & #2 Define the following key terms. 1. Metabolism All the controlled enzyme mediated chemical reactions by which cells acquire and use energy as they synthesis, store, degrade and eliminate substances. 2. Homeostasis state in which of physical and chemical aspects of the internal environment are being maintained in a range that is tolerable for cell activities. 3. Cell smallest unit that still displays the properties of life,it has the capacity to survive and reproduce on its own 4. Tissue organized array of cells and substances that are interacting in some task. 5. Organ structural unit made of two or more tissues interacting in some task. 6. System (organ system) organs interacting physically, chemically or both in some task. 7. Organism individual made of different types of cells 8. Population (species) group of single celled or multicelled individuals of the same species occupying a specified area. 9. Community all populations of all species occupying a specified area 10. Ecosystem a community that is interacting with its physical environment 11. Biosphere All regions of the earths waters, crust and atmosphere 12. Prokaryotic Cells arcgaean or bacterium ; single celled organism most often walled; none has nucleous or the other organells seen in eukaryatic 13. Eukaryotic Cells type of cell that starts life with a nucleous and other membrane bound organelles 14. Evolution heritable change in a line of descent. Outcome of microrevolutionary events, gene mutation, natural selection, genetic draft and gene flow 15. Dependent Variable is what the investigator measures to determine the effect of the independent variable 16. Independent Variable is changed dilidratly by the investigator 17. Standardized Variable eliminate the effect of anything else that might influence the dependent variable. 18. Bias any effect or influence at any stage of an investigation tending to produce results that departs from true value. 19. Placebo Effect When a patient is given a pill or treatment that has no known benefit to the patient, the patients expectations causes a positive patient response. 20. Hypothesis an explanation of phenomenon that has the potential to be proven false by experimental tests 21. Theory 22. Prefix is the word part that is placed before a word root to modify its meaning 23. Suffix is the word part that is placed at the end of a word to modify its meaning 24. Word Root is the main part of the word and contains the fundamental meaning of the word

CHAPTER 1: An Introduction to the Study of Biology 1. What is the definition of BIOLOGY?

The Study of living organisms.

2. Matching: Choose the most appropriate definition for each term listed. (see pg. 4)

1. F organ system 2. E cell 3. H community 4. J ecosystem 5. G molecule 6. C organelle 7. L population (species) 8. B subatomic particle 9. M tissue 10. D biosphere 11. K multi-celled organism 12. A organ 13. I atom

A. one or more tissues interacting as a unit B. proton, neutron, or electron C. a membrane-bound compartment within a cell that carries out a specialized function (e.g. mitochondrion) D. all regions of Earth’s water, crust and atmosphere that hold organisms E. the smallest unit of life capable of surviving and reproducing on its own F. organs interacting physically, chemically or both in some task G. two or more atoms bonded together H. all populations of all species occupying a specified area I. the smallest unit of an element that retains the properties of that element J. a community interacting with its physical environment (biotic interacting with abiotic) K. an individual composed of different types of cells L. a group of individuals of the same species in a particular place at a particular time M. a group of cells that work together to carry out a particular function 3 What is an EMERGENT PROPERTY? With respect to life’s levels of organization, a new property that emerges through interactions of entitles at lower levels, none of which displays the property. “Living cells emerge from ‘lifeless’ molecules.”

4. Using the terms below, rewrite them in order from smallest to largest. Subatomic Particle, Atom, Molecule, Organelle, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Multi-celled Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere  tissue, community, molecule, biosphere, organ system, organelle, ecosystem, atom, cell, population, subatomic particle, multi-celled organism, organ

5. What is life? Please consult the section in BLUE ITALICS at the beginning of section 1.2 (text), and answer the following question: There is unity to all living things. All living things: 1. Require inputs of energy and materials 2. They sense and response to change 3. They adjust conditions inside their body 4. They reproduce with the help of DNA

6. Energy and Life’s Organization Please label the above diagram (from Figure 1.3, text). Why do living organisms need inputs of energy?


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 Energy Output || || 

Living organisms can generally be divided into one of two groups: A. Producers : use sunlight energy to construct sugars from carbon dioxide and water molecules (photosynthetic organisms) B. Consumers : these organisms cannot make their own food, so they eat producers and other organisms. Animals eat producers or other consumers; Decomposers are consumers that feed on wastes or remains of organisms.

Analysis of the energy flow in living systems: Can nutrients be recycled between producers and consumers? Explain. Yes, because consumers break down food into raw materials that the producers can use. For example, Humans exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide, which plants use to create more oxygen.

Why is the energy flow from the sun down through producers and consumers considered a ONE WAY flow? Because all the energy that enters the world of life in a given interval leaves it, small amounts of energy escape after each transfer.

What happens to energy that is lost in this series of energy transfers? It turns to heat

What happens when you eat sugar (describe the changes that occur inside of your body)? Explain how receptors are involved, and also how the body maintains homeostasis as we put sugar into our guts. Sugar enters the blood stream and depending on the amount of sugar in your body the pancreas secretes insulin. Insulin binds with the receptors of other cells in the body. Those cells are then activated to take up the sugar that entered the body. There is a feed-back system through the body that helps regulate homeostasis of insulin that is connected to the receptors in the body.

What is DNA, and why is it so important? DNA is the signature molecule for life, It holds the information for building proteins, each protein has a sequence particular to that life form.

7. Life’s Diversity

The above chart shows the 3 domains of life. Within the domain Eukarya, what are the four kingdoms of Eukarya? 1. Protists 2. Fungi 3. Plants 4. Animals

Using Table 1.1, please compare life’s three domains: Domain || Characteristics || Examples || Bacteria || Single-cells Prokaryotic || Bacteria: E.Coli || Archaea || Single-cells Prokaryotic || Simular to eukarya || Eukarya || Multi & single cells Eukaryotic || Seaweeds, Animals, Fungi, Plants ||

8. Evolution by natural selection

How can organisms be so much alike and still show tremendous diversity? Organisms differ because of genetic mutations and natural selection.

What is a mutation? A change in DNA passed down from the parent, it may be a neutral or bad change

Charles Darwin asserted three principles relating to the evolution of traits in organisms: 1. A natural population grows until each individual is fighting over resources.

2. Each individual differs in detail of their shared traits.

3. Adapted individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce.

What is the difference between natural and artificial selection? Natural selection is a favoring of some forms of a given trait over others in nature. Artificial selection one form of a trait is favored over others in an artificial environment under contrived, manipulated conditions. Breeders are the “selective agents” because they promote reproduction of certain pigeons.

9. The Nature of Biological Inquiry

Observe some aspect of nature Question frame a question that relates to your observation Hypothesis a testable answer to your question a testable explanation of the observed phenomenon or process Prediction Using hypothesis as a guide, make a statement of some condition that should exist if the hypothesis is not wrong. “if” hypothesis is correct “then” the prediction holds. Test Devise experiments. Experiments may be performed on a model if experiments directly with a subject is not possible Results Assess results of the tests. If tests confirm prediction, then this lends evidence in support of the hypothesis. If tests disprove prediction, then the hypothesis may be flawed. Repeat Repeat to strengthen probability that hypothesis is strong. Report Report all steps of experiment as well as conclusions to scientific community

Why is critical thinking so important in science?

How is the word THEORY defined in science?

A scientific theory is a time tested intellectual framework that is used to interpret a broad range of observations and data. Scientific theories remain open to rigorous tests, revision, and tentative acceptance or rejection.

Complete the following table using information from your text:

Experiments || Are tests that can simplify observations in nature because conditions can be controlled || Variable || A feature of an object or event that may differ over time or among the representatives of that object or event || Experimental group || Test conditions differ from the control group, or there is a different variable || Control group || Standard used for comparison against the experimental group(s) ||

Matching exercise: match the definition in the first column with the term in the second column.

1.a test that can support or falsify a prediction A

2. a statement of some condition that should exist if the hypothesis is not wrong C

3. a testable answer to some question or observation E

4. Identical with an experimental group in all respects except for the one variable being studied. D

5. A hypothesis that has not been disproven even after years of tests. F

6. a characteristic that differs among individuals or events B

A. scientific experiment

B. variable

C. prediction

D. control group

E. hypothesis

F. scientific theory

Sample Test Questions for Chapter 1 and Labs 1-4: 1. The human body has the ability to maintain a relatively constant internal environment. This ability is called D a. adaptation. b. inheritance. c. metabolism. d. homeostasis.

2. A boy is color-blind just like his grandfather was, even though his mother had normal vision. This situation is the result of B a. adaptation. b. inheritance. c. metabolism. d. homeostasis.

3. The digestion of food, the production of ATP by photosynthesis and respiration, the construction of the body’s proteins, reproduction of cells, and the contraction of a muscle are all activities associated with C a. adaptation. b. inheritance. c. metabolism. d. homeostasis.

4. The experimental group and control group are identical except for B a. the number of variables studied. b. the variable being studied c. the sample size of each group d. the number of experiments performed on each group.

5. While walking through a park in your neighborhood you notice the well maintained cobblestone pathway, many beautiful trees, several squirrels running about, a spider’s web with a huge spider, a couple playing with their dog and a nice fountain. The park would best be described as a. a species b. a community c. an organism d. an ecosystem e. none of the above

6. A testable explanation of some natural phenomena that has not been disproven even after years of repeated tests. C a. control b. theory c. hypothesis d. prediction

7. TRUE-FALSE : A population consists of all the living organisms in a specific area. False

8. Which of the following is considered a characteristic of living organisms? a. they have the ability to grow and develop with time b. they store genetic instructions in DNA molecules c. they survive by metabolism (they utilize energy) d. they reproduce e. all of the above are characteristics of living organisms

Use the following situation to answer questions 9-11. You are studying the effect of temperature on food spoilage and want to know at which temperature food will stay fresh the longest. You place the food in different incubators set to different temperatures and allow the food to remain undisturbed for several weeks after which time you observe the amount of spoilage.

9. In this experiment, the incubators set at different temperatures would be the a. dependent variable b. independent variable c. standardized variable

10. In order to get the best data, or the most reliable results from this experiment, which of the following would you suggest be done? a. test different foods at different levels of “ripeness”, for different lengths of time, and at different levels of humidity all at the same time. b. do the experiment only once to lessen the chance that you make an error. c. set all the incubators to the same temperature to increase the sample size. d. allow the food to stay in the incubators for only one day to lessen the chance of contamination e. repeat the experiment at least 3 times.

11. What type of graph would better present this data? a. line graph b. bar graph

12. Which of the following depend directly on sunlight for energy? a. producers b. consumers c. decomposers d. none of the above

13. <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: red none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">TRUE or FALSE: Double blind studies (experiments) are done to eliminate the placebo effect of the people taking part in an experiment.

Use the chart from Experiment 3 to help you answer questions 14-17.

14. What is the length in micrometers of an object that measures 28.0 mm in length? a. 280. b. 0.00028 c. 0.0028 <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: red none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">d. 28,000. e. 0.028

15. If an object measures 28.0 centimeters, what is the length in millimeters? a. 280. b. 0.00028 c. 0.0028 <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: red none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">d. 28,000. e. 0.028

16. How many cc’s are there in 1/8 cup? a. 240 b. 120 c. 80 d. 60 <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: red none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">e. 30

17. How many drops are in 1/2 teaspoon? a. 3 b. 15 <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: red none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">c. 30 d. 60 e. 80

18. True or <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: red none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">False : A combining vowel (usually the letter O) is used before suffixes that also begin with a vowel.

19. True or <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: red none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">False : It is possible to change the meaning of a medical word by changing the suffix, but not by changing the prefix.

20. True or <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: red none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">False : When defining a medical word, always define the prefix first.

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